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Jerry Goldsmith
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Filmtracks Statistics:
Average Filmtracks Rating: 3.28 Average Viewer Rating: 3.32 Number of Reviews: 116 Number of Votes: 147,222 Number of Comments: 975
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Reviews in Filmtracks' Top 100 Traffic Ranks:
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Reviews in Filmtracks' Top 100 Voting Ranks:
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Filmtracks Editor's Recommendations:
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Related Pages of Interest:
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Additional Quotes:
"I just adore English Orchestras. This is the third film I've been with an English Orchestra. I've done a record album
over here, and The Blue Max with a 100 man symphony orchestra, and I did Sebastian, which was a jazz-type pop
thing. Now on this I'm using 85 men in the orchestra for The Sand Pebbles... it's a dream, like driving a Rolls-Royce,
to conduct an orchestra like that." - 1969, on recording in England
"The discipline and the friendly attitude, I find them friendlier than American musicians. The orchestras in America,
they look at you... and you feel defeated straight away. I'll do maybe three concerts with them... they really are conductor
killers. Sometimes they are very intimidating, and I think, why am I doing this, I don't need this animosity but that's the
way the orchestras are back home. I've been here so many times that I know many of the musicians personally." - 1989, once again on English musicians
"I didn't really concentrate that much on the games, I was really trying to sum up the whole emotional feeling,
whether they were winning or losing. You know this little team comes from nowhere, and they get better and better and better.
It was just a matter of keeping an emotional spirit through the whole montage of games." - 1986, on Hoosiers
"I like the variety. But basically my choice of films is a small intimate film. Quiet film, no action, just people in relationships. That's what I like the most." - 1998, on his choice of films to score
"Total Recall was some of the best music I've written for a film. I was really impressed with myself, even though
I rarely listen to what I've finished. I'd written enough notes in that score for a Bruckner symphony! After that, I wanted a
change from all of the action films I'd been doing. I realized that I wanted to do 'people' pictures again, and held out
until I got The Russia House, Sleeping with the Enemy, and Love Field, movies where I could get lyrical
again. The Russia House is now my favorite score, while my work for Medicine Man has some very lyrical moments." - 1992, commenting on his favorite works
"My wife has them all in a vault... a copy of every album." - 1981, on collecting his own albums
"I'm glad that [collectors] like that exist because they buy records. But I sometimes wonder if an avid collector like Ford Thaxton has a life." - 1995, on others collecting his albums
"I've been using the Mac [computer] solely for years, and got very comfortable with it." - 1990, on his choice of equipment
"I think [James Horner] is a bit eclectic. But then again, at times we've all helped ourselves to the work of others." - 1998, on Horner's Academy Award win for Titanic
"I was very excited about being involved with anything with Spielberg. With Spielberg, probably more than any other director, there's a tremendous amount of discussion. He's very articulate about music, and one can discuss for hours about
approaches. Anything I did was not on my own volition, it was a joint effort in that we both agreed what we were trying to do with the music for the picture." - 1982, on Poltergeist
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Jerry Goldsmith conducts at a London concert in 2000
"If our music survives, which I have no doubt it will, then
it will because it is good."
Born February 10th, 1929, Jerry Goldsmith studied piano with Jacob
Gimpel and composition, theory and counterpoint with Mario Castelnuovo-Tedesco.
He also attended classes in film composition given by Miklos Rozsa at the
Univeristy of Southern California. In 1950, he was employed as a clerk
typist in the music department at CBS. There, he was given his first
embryonic assignments as a composer for radio shows such as "Romance" and
"CBS Radio Workshop." He wrote one score every week for these shows and
they were performed live on transmission. He stayed with CBS until 1960,
having already scored "The Twilight Zone." He was hired by Revue Studios
to score their "Thriller" series. At the same time, he met and became
acquinted with the influential film composer Alfred Newman, who, recognizing
Goldsmith's talents, hired him to score the film Lonely Are The Brave
in 1963, his first major feature film score.
He quickly burst onto the popular scene with magnificent scores to A
Patch of Blue (1965), The Blue Max (1966), and The Sand
Pebbles (1966), his first epic. An experimentalist, Goldsmith is
constantly pushing forward the bounds of film music. In 1968, Planet
of The Apes included horns blown without mouthpieces and a bass
clarinetist fingering the notes but not blowing. Meanwhile, Patton
and The Wind and the Lion, both nominated for Academy Awards,
showed Goldsmith as an expert of the massive Hollywood theme, capturing
every motif from reincarnation and militaristic joy to Allah and the
mysteries of the heart. After winning his first Academy Award with The
Omen in 1976, Goldsmith began a new type of experimentation:
electronics.
He was unafraid to use the wide variety of electronic sounds and
instruments which are now available, although he did not use them for
their own sake. In the late 1970's and 1980's, in such critical successes
as Star Trek: The Motion Picture, Under Fire, and
Hoosiers, Goldsmith utilized the best of synthesized accompaniment,
often performed live as a fifth section of the orchestra. By the 1990's,
Goldsmith, father of then-upcoming composer Joel Goldsmith, began composing
more scores than ever before, some of which of lesser quality and not
necessarily deserving of his services. His scores for The Russia House,
Rudy, The Ghost and the Darkness, and The 13th Warrior
highlight his later efforts.
Conducting in his jeans, brightly colored shirts and ties, with his sleeves rolled
up and ready for action, Goldsmith was known in the industry as a great and admirable
personality, one of the best composers with whom to work. Many directors and producers
requested his services, and he wasn't particular in the types of projects he would accept.
His sense of humor was also noted; he wore an ape mask, for instance, when conducting
the score for Planet of The Apes. His only rejections (scores that were thrown
out by the producers or director in post-production) were for Alien Nation (1988),
Gladiator (1992), The Public Eye (1992), and, ironically, his final
completed film score, Timeline (2003).
Goldsmith died at the age of 75 on July 21st, 2004, after a long battle with
cancer. He passed away peacefully in his sleep at his Beverly Hills home. He was
survived by his wife, Carol, children Aaron, Joel, Carrie, Ellen Edson and Jennifer
Grossman, six grandchildren and a great-grandchild. So popular remains Goldsmith's
career that nearly every work he produced has been pressed onto a CD album, many of them
released several times.
(see legend below for abbreviations and codes)
| Title | FR |
VR | VT |
RD | TR | Dates |
Notes | 2004: | | (none) | 2003: | | Looney Tunes: Back in Action (co-wrote) | *** | 3.36 | 1,254 | ||| | 266 | 11/03 - 05/21 | all albums | | Timeline (rejected) | **** | 3.29 | 681 | ||| | 286 | 12/03 - 03/09 | all albums | 2002: | | Star Trek: Nemesis | ** | 3.01 | 4,301 | |||| | 122 | 12/02 - 02/14 | all albums | | The Sum of All Fears | **** | 3.53 | 2,455 | ||| | 277 | 06/02 - 08/14 | all albums | 2001: | | The Last Castle | *** | 3.30 | 1,673 | ||| | 658 | 10/01 - 04/21 | multiple albums | | Soarin' Over California | **** | | | | | | short film | | Along Came a Spider | ** | 2.63 | 3,206 | ||| | 669 | 04/01 - 05/21 | all albums | 2000: | | Hollow Man | ** | 2.53 | 4,192 | ||| | 158 | 08/00 - 11/22 | multiple albums | 1999: | | The 13th Warrior (co-wrote) | **** | 3.98 | 4,193 | |||| | 88 | 08/99 - 04/08 | all albums | | The Haunting | **** | 3.41 | 1,447 | ||| | 592 | 08/99 - 12/17 | all albums | | The Mummy | *** | 3.49 | 13,242 | ||| | 107 | 05/99 - 01/19 | multiple albums | 1998: | | Star Trek: Insurrection | **** | 3.69 | 4,191 | |||| | 159 | 12/98 - 08/13 | all albums | | Small Soldiers | **** | 3.36 | 2,843 | || | 142 | 07/98 - 10/18 | multiple albums | | Mulan (co-wrote) (AW) | **** | 3.97 | 10,459 | ||| | 38 | 06/98 - 07/07 | all albums | | U.S. Marshals | *** | 2.65 | 618 | ||| | 472 | 03/98 - 08/20 | all albums | | Deep Rising | ** | 2.79 | 807 | || | 538 | 02/98 - 08/14 | all albums | 1997: | | The Edge | **** | 3.42 | 1,868 | ||| | 278 | 10/97 - 06/10 | all albums | | L.A. Confidential (AW) | *** | 3.07 | 2,237 | || | 275 | 12/97 - 12/22 | all albums | | Air Force One (co-wrote) | **** | 3.65 | 4,126 | |||| | 61 | 07/97 - 02/21 | all albums | | Fierce Creatures | *** | 2.75 | 287 | | | 969 | 12/96 - 08/08 | | 1996: | | Star Trek: First Contact (co-wrote) | *** | 3.62 | 9,266 | |||| | 43 | 12/96 - 05/12 | multiple albums | | The Ghost and the Darkness | ***** | 3.96 | 3,428 | ||| | 137 | 10/96 - 04/16 | all albums | | Chain Reaction | *** | 3.06 | 324 | || | 792 | 10/96 - 11/15 | all albums | | Executive Decision | ** | 3.01 | 308 | || | 740 | 10/96 - 03/16 | multiple albums | | City Hall | *** | 2.82 | 256 | || | 1,006 | 06/98 - 08/23 | all albums | 1995: | | First Knight | **** | 3.67 | 3,265 | ||| | 96 | 09/96 - 04/11 | all albums | | Powder | *** | 3.38 | 764 | || | 514 | 06/98 - 06/16 | all albums | | Congo | *** | 3.72 | 566 | || | 598 | 10/96 - 02/13 | multiple albums | 1994: | | The Shadow | ***** | 3.98 | 2,902 | |||| | 270 | 09/96 - 08/12 | all albums | | I.Q. | *** | 2.98 | 170 | || | 1,705 | 07/09 - 02/10 | all albums | | Bad Girls | *** | 3.40 | 423 | ||| | 406 | 06/98 - 07/11 | all albums | | The River Wild (co-wrote) | *** | 3.13 | 280 | ||| | 497 | 05/98 - 12/15 | all albums | | Angie | ** | 2.83 | 203 | || | 1,039 | 06/98 - 11/11 | | 1993: | | The Vanishing | **** | 3.43 | 293 | ||| | 628 | 06/98 - 09/08 | all albums | | Six Degrees of Separation | * | 2.21 | 274 | | | 586 | 07/98 - 09/08 | | | Matinee | *** | 3.19 | 298 | || | 959 | 06/98 - 06/22 | all albums | | Rudy | **** | 3.87 | 3,832 | ||| | 183 | 04/97 - 11/22 | multiple albums | | Dennis the Menace | *** | 3.26 | 348 | || | 618 | 06/98 - 08/14 | multiple albums | | Malice | ** | 2.89 | 232 | || | 1,048 | 03/97 - 10/11 | | 1992: | | Love Field | *** | 3.30 | 203 | ||| | 994 | 06/98 - 09/21 | all albums | | Medicine Man | **** | 3.75 | 1,505 | ||| | 492 | 12/96 - 09/08 | | | Mom and Dad Save the World | ** | 2.86 | 240 | || | 976 | 06/98 - 10/11 | | | Mr. Baseball | ** | 2.70 | 246 | || | 1,109 | 06/98 - 10/11 | | | Basic Instinct (AW) | **** | 3.92 | 3,628 | ||| | 105 | 12/96 - 09/21 | all albums | | Forever Young | *** | 3.24 | 312 | ||| | 603 | 06/98 - 09/11 | all albums | 1991: | | Not Without My Daughter | ** | 2.72 | 296 | || | 725 | 06/98 - 07/09 | all albums | | Sleeping with the Enemy | **** | 3.61 | 1,088 | || | 449 | 06/98 - 09/11 | all albums | 1990: | | Total Recall | **** | 3.84 | 3,252 | ||| | 151 | 12/96 - 04/21 | multiple albums | | The Russia House | ***** | 4.26 | 5,478 | |||| | 194 | 12/96 - 09/21 | all albums | | Gremlins 2: The New Batch | **** | 3.67 | 438 | ||| | 315 | 03/97 - 10/15 | all albums | 1989: | | Warlock | ** | 2.66 | 203 | || | 873 | 01/98 - 04/16 | multiple albums | | Leviathan | **** | 3.37 | 356 | || | 728 | 06/98 - 11/11 | | | Star Trek V: The Final Frontier | **** | 3.75 | 3,200 | ||| | 146 | 08/97 - 05/12 | all albums | 1988: | | Criminal Law | * | 2.44 | 202 | | | 1,164 | 07/98 - 10/11 | | | Alien Nation (rejected) | ** | 2.52 | 119 | ||| | 1,584 | 07/09 - 05/18 | multiple albums | | Rambo III | **** | 3.66 | 1,290 | ||| | 396 | 06/98 - 04/18 | all albums | | The 'Burbs | ***** | 3.76 | 1,045 | ||| | 220 | 08/97 - 03/23 | all albums | | Rent-A-Cop | *** | 3.05 | 237 | || | 1,098 | 06/98 - 03/10 | multiple albums | 1987: | | Innerspace | *** | 3.37 | 422 | ||| | 781 | 07/03 - 02/10 | all albums | | Lionheart | ***** | 3.96 | 551 | ||| | 1,115 | 07/09 - 07/21 | all albums | | Extreme Prejudice | *** | 3.32 | 550 | ||| | 1,054 | 02/05 - 09/21 | all albums | 1986: | | Link | * | 2.56 | 271 | || | 1,438 | 07/09 - 06/16 | all albums | | Hoosiers (AW) | ***** | 4.19 | 2,321 | |||| | 276 | 06/03 - 12/12 | all albums | | Poltergeist II: The Other Side | *** | 3.20 | 413 | ||| | 312 | 10/03 - 07/17 | all albums | 1985: | | Rambo: First Blood Part II | **** | 3.78 | 1,228 | ||| | 333 | 05/99 - 01/17 | all albums | | Baby: Secret of the Lost Legend | *** | 3.15 | 216 | || | 1,538 | 07/09 - 06/18 | all albums | | Explorers | **** | 3.44 | 239 | ||| | 1,506 | 07/09 - 09/11 | all albums | | Legend | **** | 3.20 | 1,015 | ||| | 303 | 03/97 - 01/22 | all albums | | King Solomon's Mines | ** | 3.24 | 243 | || | 1,389 | 08/09 - 02/15 | all albums | 1984: | | Gremlins | **** | 3.64 | 1,364 | ||| | 318 | 11/99 - 11/11 | all albums | | Supergirl | *** | 3.36 | 229 | || | 1,315 | 07/09 | multiple albums | | The Lonely Guy | ** | | | | | | | | Runaway | * | 2.29 | 202 | || | 1,544 | 07/09 - 02/14 | all albums | 1983: | | Under Fire (AW) | ***** | 4.07 | 1,061 | ||| | 421 | 08/97 - 09/08 | all albums | | Psycho II | ** | 3.05 | 201 | || | 1,187 | 07/09 - 05/14 | multiple albums | | Twilight Zone: The Movie | **** | 3.99 | 625 | ||| | 1,294 | 07/09 | multiple albums | 1982: | | First Blood | **** | 3.85 | 618 | ||| | 1,207 | 07/09 - 12/10 | all albums | | The Challenge | *** | 2.95 | 296 | || | 933 | 04/00 - 07/13 | multiple albums | | The Secret of N.I.M.H. | **** | 3.49 | 619 | ||| | 551 | 06/03 - 04/16 | all albums | | Poltergeist (AW) | **** | 3.94 | 2,750 | ||| | 182 | 03/97 - 12/10 | all albums | 1981: | | Masada (TV) (co-wrote) (AW) | **** | 3.31 | 314 | ||| | 1,393 | 07/09 - 02/22 | all albums | | Raggedy Man | ** | 2.81 | 177 | || | 1,085 | 08/97 - 06/22 | all albums | R | Inchon | *** | 2.98 | 212 | || | 1,495 | 07/09 - 07/24 | all albums | | The Final Conflict | **** | 3.84 | 281 | ||| | 1,339 | 07/09 | all albums | | Outland | ** | 2.90 | 312 | ||| | 1,352 | 07/09 - 06/10 | all albums | | The Salamander | **** | | | | | | | | Night Crossing | **** | 3.63 | 238 | || | 1,431 | 07/09 - 08/14 | multiple albums | 1980: | | Caboblanco | ** | 2.71 | 136 | || | 1,702 | 07/09 - 07/21 | all albums | 1979: | | Star Trek: The Motion Picture (AW) | ***** | 4.13 | 3,852 | |||| | 99 | 01/99 - 11/23 | all albums | | Players | *** | 3.06 | 170 | || | 1,830 | 02/10 | limited | | Alien (AW) | *** | 3.25 | 706 | ||| | 578 | 07/09 | all albums | | The Great Train Robbery | *** | 3.19 | 175 | || | 1,595 | 07/09 - 04/21 | all albums | 1978: | | Magic | *** | 2.68 | 705 | || | 819 | 06/03 - 07/15 | multiple albums | | The Boys from Brazil (AW) | **** | 3.44 | 216 | || | 1,342 | 07/09 | multiple albums | | The Swarm | **** | 3.22 | 927 | ||| | 977 | 02/03 - 04/21 | multiple albums | | Damien: Omen II | **** | 3.47 | 186 | ||| | 1,526 | 07/09 | all albums | | Capricorn One | **** | 3.54 | 230 | ||| | 1,081 | 07/09 - 04/16 | all albums | | Coma | ** | 2.91 | 100 | || | 1,626 | 07/09 | all albums | 1977: | | Contract on Cherry Street (TV) | *** | 3.07 | 151 | | | 1,245 | 10/99 - 06/08 | limited | | Damnation Alley | ** | | | | | | | | MacArthur | *** | 3.02 | 129 | || | 1,707 | 08/09 - 03/24 | all albums | | Islands in the Stream | *** | 3.18 | 203 | || | 1,482 | 08/09 - 03/10 | all albums | | Twilight's Last Gleaming | ** | 2.77 | 149 | || | 1,030 | 08/97 - 11/11 | multiple albums | 1976: | | The Cassandra Crossing | *** | | | | | | | | High Velocity | *** | | | | | | | | The Omen (AW) | ***** | 4.08 | 681 | |||| | 844 | 07/09 - 03/17 | all albums | | Logan's Run | *** | | | | | | | 1975: | | Breakheart Pass | *** | 3.15 | 118 | || | 1,615 | 07/09 - 06/16 | multiple albums | | Babe (TV) (AW) | *** | | | | | | | | Take a Hard Ride | **** | 3.40 | 817 | || | 914 | 03/00 - 06/16 | all albums | | Medical Story (TV) | ** | | | | | | | | A Girl Named Sooner (TV) | *** | 3.20 | 281 | || | 936 | 03/00 - 04/07 | limited | | The Wind and the Lion (AW) | ***** | 4.04 | 520 | ||| | 1,095 | 07/09 | multiple albums | | The Reincarnation of Peter Proud | *** | | | | | | | | Ransom (The Terrorists) | **** | | | | | | | | Breakout | *** | 3.14 | 321 | | | 1,089 | 04/99 - 09/07 | limited | 1974: | | S*P*Y*S | * | | | | | | | | QB VII (TV) (AW) | **** | | | | | | | | Winter Kill (TV) | ** | | | | | | | | Chinatown (co-wrote) (AW) | *** | 3.47 | 123 | ||| | 2,175 | 03/22 | multiple albums | | A Tree Grows in Brooklyn (TV) | *** | | | | | | | | Indict and Convict (TV) | ** | | | | | | | 1973: | R | Papillon (AW) | **** | 3.44 | 108 | ||| | 2,211 | 02/24 - 06/24 | all albums | | The Going Up of David Lev (TV) | *** | | | | | | | | The Don is Dead | ** | | | | | | | | One Little Indian | **** | | | | | | | | Ace Eli and Rodger of the Skies | *** | | | | | | | | The Red Pony (TV) (AW) | *** | | | | | | | | Shamus | ** | | | | | | | 1972: | | Pursuit (TV) | ** | | | | | | | | The Man | ** | | | | | | | | The Other | *** | | | | | | | | Crawlspace (TV) | *** | | | | | | | | Lights Out (TV) | | | | | | | | 1971: | | The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (TV) | *** | 3.00 | 95 | || | 1,768 | 04/11 | limited | | Crosscurrent (TV) | ** | | | | | | | | The Last Run | **** | | | | | | | | Do Not Fold, Spindle, or Mutilate (TV) | FRISBEE | | | | | | | | Wild Rovers | **** | | | | | | | | Escape from the Planet of the Apes | * | | | | | | | | A Step Out of Line (TV) | ** | | | | | | | | The Mephisto Waltz | * | | | | | | | 1970: | | Rio Lobo | ** | | | | | | | | The Traveling Executioner | *** | | | | | | | | Tora! Tora! Tora! | *** | | | | | | | | The Brotherhood of the Bell (TV) | ** | | | | | | | | The Ballad of Cable Hogue | *** | | | | | | | | Patton (AW) | ***** | 3.87 | 1,055 | ||| | 346 | 03/99 - 05/21 | all albums | | Prudence and the Chief (TV) | ** | | | | | | | 1969: | | Justine | *** | | | | | | | | The Chairman | *** | | | | | | | | 100 Rifles | *** | 3.12 | 579 | | | 917 | 03/99 - 09/20 | multiple albums | | The Illustrated Man | ** | | | | | | | 1968: | | Bandolero! | *** | | | | | | | | The Detective | *** | | | | | | | | Planet of the Apes (AW) | ** | 3.57 | 115 | |||| | 2,159 | 05/24 | all albums | | Nick Quarry (TV) | ** | | | | | | | 1967: | | Hour of the Gun | *** | | | | | | | | The Flim-Flam Man | **** | 3.20 | 281 | || | 936 | 03/00 - 04/07 | limited | | In Like Flint | *** | | | | | | | | Warning Shot | ** | | | | | | | | Sebastian | ** | | | | | | | 1966: | | The Sand Pebbles (AW) | **** | | | | | | | | Seconds | *** | | | | | | | | The Blue Max | **** | | | | | | | | Stagecoach | ** | 3.09 | 594 | ||| | 841 | 06/98 - 09/16 | multiple albums | | The Trouble with Angels | ** | | | | | | | | Our Man Flint | *** | | | | | | | 1965: | | A Patch of Blue (AW) | **** | 3.50 | 392 | || | 624 | 06/97 - 12/06 | all albums | | The Agony and the Ecstasy (co-wrote) | **** | | | | | | | | Morituri | ** | | | | | | | | Von Ryan's Express | ** | | | | | | | | In Harm's Way | *** | | | | | | | | The Satan Bug | ** | | | | | | | 1964: | | Rio Conchos | **** | 3.40 | 855 | ||| | 640 | 01/00 - 05/21 | all albums | | Fate is the Hunter | *** | | | | | | | | Shock Treatment | ** | | | | | | | | Seven Days in May | * | | | | | | | | To Trap a Spy | ** | | | | | | | 1963: | | The Prize | *** | | | | | | | | Take Her, She's Mine | ** | | | | | | | | Lilies of the Field | **** | | | | | | | | A Gathering of Eagles | *** | | | | | | | | The Stripper | ** | | | | | | | | The List of Adrian Messenger | *** | | | | | | | 1962: | | Freud (AW) | * | | | | | | | | The Spiral Road | ** | | | | | | | | Lonely are the Brave | *** | | | | | | | | The Expendables (TV) | | | | | | | | 1961: | | The General with the Cockeyed Id | ** | | | | | | | | The Crimebusters | | | | | | | | 1960: | | Studs Lonigan | ** | | | | | | | | The Gambler, the Nun and the Radio (TV) | | | | | | | | 1959: | | Face of a Fugitive | ** | | | | | | | | City of Fear | ** | | | | | | | 1958: | | (none) | 1957: | | Black Patch | *** | | | | | | | | (reviews listed with a "co-wrote" indicate that either the composer wrote the score with another person or that more than one composer worked separately to provide a score for the production)
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Status:
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N
| - indicates a new review that has been published in the last 180 days
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R
| - indicates an older review that has been significantly revised in the last 180 days
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Awards:
| AW |
- or a golden year indicates that the music won or was nominated for a major award
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Ratings:
| FR |
- Filmtracks Rating ("Varied"
indicates a split rating with no overall designation) |
VR |
- Viewer Rating (overall average) |
VT |
- Vote Total (for viewer ratings)
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Comments:
| Comment Total (the number of messages posted in the review's comment area)
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Review Depth:
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- Massive Review (over 4,000 words)
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- Very Long Review (between 2,200 and 4,000 words)
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- Long Review (between 1,200 and 2,200 words)
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- Average Review (between 800 and 1,200 words)
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- Short Review (under 800 words)
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Traffic Rank:
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Popularity Rank (lower numbers indicate more cumulative reads; new reviews take time to climb the ranks)
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Dates:
| 1st
| - indicates the month and year during which the review was first published
| 2nd
| - indicates the month and year of the review's most recent significant revision (if any)
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