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| Shire |
Apocalypse Now: (Carmine Coppola/David
Shire/Various) Over the course of several years in the later 1970's, the
production of Francis Ford Coppola's grandiose Vietnam War picture
Apocalypse Now became known for its colossal failures and poor
luck. Countless actors refused to commit, had to be replaced, or were
ill, injured and, in the case of Marlon Brando, too overweight once they
showed up. A hurricane wiped out tens of millions of dollars of sets,
and the script continued development so long that Coppola was never
satisfied with the end result, leading to two subsequent cuts released
many years later. What was a financial disaster at the time, however,
turned out to yield one of the top war films of all time. Many critics
place
Apocalypse Now among the best movies of any genre, a grim
but gripping look at how the war affected American service members,
albeit in a flamboyantly dramatized way. The ease with which American
commanders manipulate and kill native populations is brutally conveyed,
though many of the flawed protagonists fail to survive as well. Despite
its difficulty attracting Coppola's choices for actors, the ensemble
cast was fantastic, and the endlessly rewritten script still managed to
generate some magnificent one-liners. It's a spectacle for gruesome
violence, including the actual killing of a water buffalo in native
ceremonies that evaded animal cruelty laws at the time. As successfully
controversial as the film has always been, its soundtrack has also been
a source of polarization. Coppola was extremely specific in his desires
for the film's music, requiring some combination of vintage rock songs
and electronic underscore to generate an intentionally dissonant
atmosphere. While it became increasingly apparent that the insertion of
the original quantity of songs in the film diminished its resonance,
Coppola still managed to fit a generous number of them in the final mix,
including entries by The Rolling Stones, Flash Cadillac, and the Beach
Boys, but all of them were overshadowed by the prominent use of "The
End" by "The Doors" at the start and finish of the tale.
Also mandatory for Coppola in
Apocalypse Now was
the use of Richard Wagner's "The Ride of the Valkyries" for its most
impactful scene of American helicopters attacking a beachside village.
The music is vitally integral to the scene, blasted out of loudspeakers
on the helicopters to motivate the Americans and mess with the minds of
the villagers. Its use in that scene forever changed the public's
perception of the piece in cinema, and it became a source of parodies
for years to come. Interestingly, Coppola originally did not want to use
the classically performed orchestral and vocal version of "The Ride of
the Valkyries" but instead wished for it to be played in an eerie,
mechanically synthetic manner to enhance the inhumane horror of the
scene. The director had been highly impressed by Japanese composer Isao
Tomita's electronic interpretations of "The Planets" by Gustav Holst and
sought his services for such adaptations in
Apocalypse Now, even
flying him to the filming locations. But that partnership ultimately did
not come to fruition, and the reasons for the parting differ. Some
reports indicate that Tomita could not be involved because of licensing
issues with his music, while others claim that the composer's extremely
slow, deliberate method of working was not deemed suitable for the pace
of Coppola's production, a significant irony given that it took many
years for
Apocalypse Now to be completed anyway. The director
then turned to his brother-in-law, David Shire, who had provided highly
effective music for his thriller
The Conversation a few years
prior. While no orchestra was intended, Coppola made it clear to Shire
that expense wasn't an issue, and the composer was free to hire a group
of top synthesists and obtain whatever emerging synthesizer technology
was available at the time to achieve unique sounds for this project.
After auditions from a variety of electronic specialists, Shire brought
Daniel Wyman and Peter Bergren onto the team, with a few additional
performers rounding out the crew later. They secured access to
top-of-the-line equipment for the era and set forth to create a hybrid
sound effect and music score per Coppola's instructions.
For many years, the truth about Shire's score for
Apocalypse Now wasn't recognized; in fact, few people realized
that the music existed at all. Shire's team recorded nearly a full score
for the picture but ran out of time because of Coppola's ever-shifting
post-production schedule. Their music was an impressively broad and
experimental exploration of synthesizer capability for the late 1970's,
with much of the work's running time occupied with the use of the
machines to recreate the sounds of helicopters and nature. The results
of this toil are so realistic at times that it may be challenging to the
listener to determine if the sounds are completely synthetic or simply
manipulated versions of the real things. Blended with this material is
Shire's actual musical content, which follows basic structural norms in
some cues but also veers off into atmospheric haze as well. There are no
recurring themes in the grating work, Shire intent upon creating motifs
for individual tracks and situations. Undoubtedly, Coppola would then
rearrange those ideas in the film as he saw fit. There is basic
emulation of brass and strings in the intent, and in a few instances,
especially in the faux brass in early cues, there is a masculinity that
matches the story quite well. In the end, though, Shire's tough
recordings are intriguing because of their adherence to Coppola's
original instructions as an alienating extension of sound design and
aren't as readily appreciable as standalone music. When Coppola's
continuing shoots and edits of
Apocalypse Now ran years over
schedule, Shire became unavailable to continue his work; he was
committed to scoring the acclaimed drama
Norma Rae, which won him
an Academy Award for its song. Reports suggest that friction developed
between Shire and Coppola despite (or perhaps because of) their familial
relations, though the men eventually reconciled. To finish his picture,
Coppola pivoted to his most trusty collaborator for music: his father.
Carmine Coppola was classically trained and not experienced in the realm
of synthetics, but he was given a hefty music budget to hire a
supporting staff. By then, over $100,000 had already been spent on the
soundtrack with little to show for it, though a strong argument could be
made that Shire's music would have serviced the finished cut of the film
just as well, if not better than, the replacement score by Coppola's new
team.
The crew for Carmine Coppola's replacement score for
Apocalypse Now included five synthesists and once again called
for the top electronic equipment available at the time. Shirley Walker
was tasked with taking Coppola's sketches from paper and matching them
to the film, allowing the synthesists to then examine the basic
instrumental guidance and translate that into a variety of keyboarded
synthesizers, electric guitar, and electronic wind instruments.
Fascinatingly, the director's goal of utilizing a completely electronic
soundscape was set aside as his father ultimately introduced several
organic elements into the mix as well. Foremost among these were various
percussive elements provided by Mickey Hart with inventive techniques
(though wretched in the surfboard scene), and dramatic moments were
supplied with Carmine Coppola's own flute performances. A choir was also
employed. There are sound effects at play in the finished score as well,
though they seem to more closely match the monoaural-originating effects
heard in the film itself. In short, the replacement score is far less
inventive from a synthesizer perspective even though it is highly
revered by historians in the field. (Again, it's possible, if not
likely, that these enthusiasts don't even know about Shire's rejected
score.) Common to both works, however, is the limitation on the
keyboards and EWI's employed; they could not yield polyphonic sounds in
one performance, so without the ability to create chords like on a
piano, several tracks had to be overlaid in order to achieve that sound.
Shire's score used more tape tracks than Coppola's, but the limitations
are inherent in the sound either way. Carmine Coppola did diverge from
Shire in the handling of themes, supplying two recurring ideas in the
replacement score. The primary one is built upon ascending figures in
"The Delta," "Orange Light," and "The Nung River" while a secondary,
descending mystery figure in "Pre-Tiger," "Dossier #II," and "Chef's
Head" is less obvious. Aside from these applications, the final score
for
Apocalypse Now followed a similar stream of consciousness
approach that Shire had adhered to, yielding disparate experiences cue
to cue. The use of sound effects in the film, along with the dialing out
or down of some sequences, makes it truly difficult to appreciate what
Coppola's music was attempting to accomplish. The most popular album
release for the film emulates this blend, compounding the problem for
mainstream listeners.
Generally speaking, Coppola's approach to
Apocalypse
Now is more traditionally tonal and melodic, playing less like a
true horror score despite adhering to that genre's norms at times. The
disagreements between the arrangers and synthesists for the replacement
score were reportedly heated at times, the process of translating the
composer's intentions via Walker not always yielding easy answers
artistically given the technological options. And yet the end result is
less unconventional than Shire's, playing the film more safely.
Representing Coppola's work, two very different album releases
illuminate distinctions in each cue. The content of a particular cue can
remain the same on both albums or be completely disparate. The weaving
of these various alternatives into the movie is ambiguous due to the
director's methods of editing of the soundtrack. This review will first
cover the standard, longer album arrangement that included sound effects
and dialogue in excess and will then address the same cues as distinct
on the subsequent albums that isolated only the music. On the primary
presentation, "The Delta" has elements that foreshadow the techniques of
Vangelis but with electric guitar, applying the same sound effects of
helicopters as Shire had though with greater harmonic connections to the
underlying musical structures. The choral aspect debuts in "Orange
Light" with deep resonance while the start of "Pre-Tiger" applies
trumpet and other brass-like effects. Both "Dossier #II" and "Letters
From Home" use meandering woodwinds for solitary drama. "The Nung River"
bursts with the main theme in more traditional fake brass tones while
"Do Lung Bridge" shifts to growling bass tones and occasional wild
guitar. Oddly flamboyant is "Clean's Death," a massively synthetic
rendering utilizing an operatic closure with voices and organ. Less
obvious is "Chief's Death/Strange Voyage," which offers more melodic
keyboarded grace but is still solemnly grim. Rhythmic thumping by
electric bass dominates the separate "Strange Voyage" before the organ
continues in agony during "Willard's Capture." Metallic clanging rhythms
with traditional suspense stinger techniques punctuate "Chef's Head,"
and "The Hollow Men" presents a return of vaguely light choral ambience
for closure. There is really no narrative arc to any of this music, even
with the existence of the two recurring motifs from Coppola. It's no
surprise that the music was long appreciated on album amongst prominent
quotes from the characters on screen.
An alternate, shorter presentation was released
simultaneously on LP in 1979 and also on CD in 1988, and it featured
about 30 minutes of the work without all the dialogue and sound effects,
often illuminating entirely different versions of the same cues. Here,
the horror elements are greatly increased, emulating John Carpenter
techniques in some places. This version of "The Delta" provides pure
horror ambience with fake strings and some slight ethnicity, and "Orange
Light" extends that horror ambience with choral effects. Obnoxious pitch
wavering effects are more prominent against staccato rhythms in "Nung
River," dissolving to meandering and anonymous keyboarding in "Letters
From Home." The unpleasant "Voyage" has more layers of dissonance
exposed with additional lines of droning, a more low-key version of the
same ambience carrying over in "Kurtz Chorale" as well. A completely
different version of "Clean's Death" follows without vocals and wildly
manic brass effects. The horror ambience builds to a somewhat tragic and
tonal string emulation in "Finale," which didn't make the prior album in
any form. Not as much percussion is featured on this second album, which
is a shame given that it foreshadowed some of the same ideas that
Georges Delerue applied to his stalking jungle material that survived in
Platoon. The director resurrected the film twice for director's
cuts, and accompanying the 2001 release is a "Redux" album that took the
shorter presentation and added two previously unreleased cues amounting
to six minutes in length. Both are really out of place in this score and
feature more accessible harmonics than the remainder of the work. The
romantic melody of "Love Theme" on a lush bed of synths is an especially
awkward diversion, and "Clean's Funeral" supplies more stoic ambience
with military trumpet solos on top. In the end, Coppola's score for
Apocalypse Now is well regarded but doesn't exude the same
innovation that comes from Shire's more challenging take using the same
technology. For most average viewers, the use of Wagner and The Doors
will prevail in the memory anyway. On album, the long-standing 2-CD set
is more a souvenir of extensive dialogue and monaural sound effects from
the movie than an actual musical soundtrack. Very little of the score
can be heard there, but it is provided in the mix from the film. The
score-only albums, whether from 1988 or 2001, are more satisfying but
expose strategic flaws in the music's narrative. The rejected Shire
score was released on a limited album in 2017 and is an intellectual
treat but largely impossible to enjoy as music. Neither score is
particularly attractive outside of context, leaving the music in the
film itself as your best option.
** @Amazon.com: CD or
Download
The inserts of the albums featuring the Carmine Coppola score
include minimal extra information about the score or film, the packaging
of the 1988 albums particularly sparse. The insert of the 2017 La-La
Land Records album with the David Shire score provides extensive detail
about the film and rejected score.
